That each of these questions has provided occasion for disagreement among able scholars can be readily confirmed by anyone willing to sample even a few items of the now voluminous contemporary literature dealing with this chapter. Indeed, anyone who has puzzled over Aristotle's text and tried to make sense of the relevant secondary literature will be able to sympathize with D. C. Williams' opinion that "tracing coherent philosophical arguments in De Interpretatione is rather like finding shapes in a cloud." Still, (...) I remain convinced that it should be possible to achieve a measure of agreement about the meaning and significance of Aristotle's text beyond any which has yet been attained. Toward this end I shall propose and defend in this paper a set of answers to the disputed questions - which seem to me to do justice both to the text and to the fact that scholarly opinion on these matters has diverged so sharply. (shrink)

Living Philosophy, Second Edition, is a historically organized, introductory hybrid text/reader that guides students through the story of philosophical thought from the Pre-Socratics to the present, providing cultural and intellectual background and explaining why key issues and arguments remain important and relevant today. Women philosophers are well represented throughout the text. They include Mary Wollstonecraft, Simone de Beauvoir, Hélène Cixous, Martha Nussbaum, Alison Jaggar, Annette Baier, Virginia Held, and many more. Non-Western philosophers are also included: Avicenna, Averroës, Maimonides, Buddha, Lao-Tzu, (...) and Confucius. Featuring an exceptionally clear and accessible writing style, this unique volume brings philosophy to life with well-chosen excerpts from philosophers' works, abundant in-text learning aids, and compelling color photos and illustrations. FEATURES * A comprehensive introductory chapter lays the groundwork for philosophical thinking * "Then and Now," "Details," and "Portrait" boxes throughout the text demonstrate the value and relevance of philosophy * Additional pedagogical aids--chapter objectives and summaries, marginal critical thinking questions, essay/discussion questions, and a glossary--make the material even more engaging and accessible * In-depth coverage of philosophical writing includes step-by-step coaching in argument basics and multiple opportunities to hone critical thinking skills * Charts, tables, and color photos keep students visually engaged * A "How to Write a Philosophy Paper" appendix offers concise, step-by-step guidance in crafting an effective philosophical essay. (shrink)

The idea that the state ought to be neutral towards different conceptions of the good life has been an influential principle in liberal theory since the 1970s. It has, however, been subject to criticism by communitarians, multiculturalists and liberal perfectionists. Recently, Peter Balint has attempted to defend state neutrality against its liberal critics as the adequate interpretation of the liberal project by redefining it as a range concept. By arguing that neutrality always occurs within a specific range of permissible conceptions (...) of the good life, Balint provides a convincing rebuttal of neutrality’s critics. In this paper I argue that while neutrality as a range concept provides an adequate account of state neutrality, it also makes it vulnerable to a new line of critique. Since the range of neutrality cannot be deduced from the principle of neutrality itself, neutrality is subject to political developments beyond its own control. I will start by clarifying the notion of neutrality as a range concept. Secondly, I will demonstrate that Balint’s notion of the range concept finds ample support in the wider literature on neutrality. Thirdly, I will argue that, as a range concept, neutrality ultimately depends on politically constituted value judgments. (shrink)

In "Off Track" art and philosophy are the inspiration to look differently at daily life and organizations. The book is a plea to approach the complexity of the current world with new metaphors. The author calls this "hinking around". She sees that in "square worlds" there is a need for tools to approach entrenched patterns and systems differently and to get thought processes moving. Sarai van de Boel challenges the reader to look at one's own systems from the inside with (...) a philosophical approach. In eight chapters there are eight "tracks" to follow, but it is also possible to go off the rails. More than fifty works of art by well-known and lesser-known artists and designers play a role in these traces. The author questions the essence of their works and asks philosophical questions about phenomena they evoke. With Marlene Dumas, Marinus Boezem, L.A. Raeven, Ed Atkins, Wong Ping, Kazumasa Nagai, Remy Jungerman, Otto Piene, Eiko Ishioka, Campana brothers, Ann Demeulemeester and Kara Walker. The book ends with the Art & Philosophy Strategy, a theoretical framework for the use of art and philosophy. (shrink)

Este trabajo trata de la importancia que tienen los estudiantes de medicina para responder a las demandas de atención médica en México; alude al proceso histórico que determina esta situación y la construcción de la categoría “médicos en formación”; refiere las condiciones laborales, educativas y de salud de los estudiantes de medicina en las unidades médicas, y su impacto sobre la calidad de la atención médica. Desde la perspectiva ética y de los derechos humanos se plantea que los programas de (...) educación médica, y en particular la categoría de “médicos en formación”, pueden, paradójicamente, violentar tanto el derecho a la educación como el derecho a la atención médica, y dañar tanto la salud de los estudiantes como la de la población por ellos atendida. Se concluye que debe desarrollarse un nuevo respaldo ético docente asistencial para educación médica en las unidades de atención médica. (shrink)

Para construir seu próprio edifício filosófico em _Diferença e Repetição_, Deleuze dedicou-se no início de sua trajetória à pesquisa sistemática daquilo que chamou de “linhagem menor” em história da filosofia. Neste artigo buscamos explorar especificamente o embate deleuziano com o pensamento de Leibniz, situado no limiar dessa linhagem. Embora uma monografia mais extensiva tenha sido publicada por Deleuze apenas décadas mais tarde, seguimos a hipótese de que seus primeiros esboços críticos sobre o pensamento leibniziano aparecem já no seminário _O que (...) é fundar?_, endereçado ao problema do fundamento. À luz desse texto, abre-se uma perspectiva produtiva para a compreensão da relação entre as filosofias dos dois pensadores. (shrink)

The existence of the German cultural community was guaranteed by the articles 3ter and 59ter of the Constitution and its organisation was institutionalized by the Law of July 10th, 1973. In 1980 the notion «German cultural community» in art. 3ter of the Constitution was replaced by the notion «German-speaking community».The reform of the statute of the German-speaking community has to be executed within the following limits : 1° an executive power that is accountable to the council can only be granted (...) after revision of art. 59ter of the Constitution; 2° there seems no harm in granting power to modify laws and to legislate with exclusion of the national legislator to the council, as long as the exercise of this power is submitted to, judicial review ; 3° the enlargement of the council's competence to the «personalized matters» does not require the revision of art. 59ter. The enlargement of the council's competence to some «regional affairs» is possible without revision of the Constitution, as long as the council does not receive the same competence as the Flemish, Wallon and Brussels region; 4° it is possible to grant the German-speaking community theyield of a part of some taxes. (shrink)

This paper is in five sections. In the first one, I summarize some views on truthmaking I will be presupposing, emphasizing however the various controversies on which I will remain neutral. In section two and three, I present the characterization of a response-dependent property. In section four, I present two ways in which a property can be response-dependent, in the characterized sense. In final section five, I present how these correspond to different versions of moderate relativism, namely indexical and nonindexical (...) contextualism. Thus the view presented here contrasts not only with pluralism about truth, but also with radical relativism about truth, as recently defended by John MacFarlane. (shrink)

Objective of the study: To analyze the costs and profits of sugarcane production regarding the cultural practices of sugarcane suppliers. Methodology/approach: This study positions itself in this gap by comparatively analyzing 6 types of cultural practices: unraveling, windrowing, application of correctives, herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers, with the option of two systems Fixed rate (TF) and Variable rate (TV). Originality/Relevance: Brazil is a world reference in sugarcane production, with the State of São Paulo being the largest Brazilian producer. However, for sugarcane (...) suppliers to maintain this activity there is a need to reduce production costs and increase profitability/ha. However, there is a theoretical-practical gap in the financial assessment (costs and profits) of different cultural practices inherent to sugarcane production. Main results: The results demonstrated that the costs of cultural practices represent more than 30% of the total sugarcane production costs. The TF system proved to be more cost-efficient in the following operations: correctives, herbicides and insecticides. In the application of fertilizers, the TV system, in broadcast mode, had the best result. Finally, the profit/ton was R$1.70, demonstrating a very low profit margin/ha given the risk of the activity. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The sample for this research comprised 55 sugarcane suppliers from the State of São Paulo, whose data were obtained through a survey. The comparative analysis was based on the difference in costs of cultural practices and the estimation of the level of certainty (profit/costs), analyzed through the cumulative frequency carried out through the Monte Carlo Simulation (SMC). (shrink)

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion.

RESUMENSe reconstruye la doble génesis semiótica y a la vez heurística de los proyectos programáticos del primer Wittgenstein y Popper, como ellos mismos se reprocharon mutuamente por razones éticas contrapuestas en el así llamado “incidente del atizador” de 1946. Por su parte Wright y Apel también prolongaron este tipo de análisis acerca de las mutuas relaciones de subalternación y autodiferenciación o, por el contrario, de fundamentación y complementariedad recíproca, que se deberían establecer entre las correspondientes críticas del sentido y las (...) subsiguientes éticas de la ciencia, analizándolas desde un enfoque neodualista postanalítico o estrictamente pragmáticotrascendental muy contrapuestos, dejando sin resolver numerosos problemas abiertos.PALABRAS CLAVESEMIÓTICA, HEURíSTICA, FALSACIONISMO, ANÁLISIS, NUEVO DUALISMOABSTRACTThis paper presents a reconstruction of the semiotic and heuristic double genesis of the programmatic projects by the early Wittgenstein and Popper, the way they both argued with each other due to conflicting ethical reasons in the so called “Wittgenstein’s Poker” incident in 1946. Wright and Apel also prolonged this type of analysis about mutual relationships of sub-alternation and auto-differentiation or, on the other hand, of foundation and reciprocal complementary, that should be established between the corresponding critics of meaning and the subsequent ethics of science, analysing them from a post analytical neo dualistic approach or a strictly pragmatic-transcendental approach –both radically opposed– leaving numerous rising problems unsolved.KEYWORDSEMIOTIC, HEURISTIC, FALSACIONISM, ANALySIS, NEW DUALISM. (shrink)

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento do conceito de “vontade” na obra O mundo como vontade e representação (1818-9) do filósofo alemão Arthur Schopenhauer. Pretende-se apresentar o conceito perpassando inicialmente pela dicotomia kantiana da Crítica da razão pura entre “coisa em si” e “fenômeno”. Depois, seguiremos as observações feitas por Schopenhauer a essa categorização da realidade e suas ressalvas, para, então, explicitarmos a sua respectiva filosofia fundamentada na oposição entre “vontade” e “representação”. Por último, a influência desse pensamento (...) na denominada “segunda tópica” (pós 1920) na obra do pai da Psicanálise, Sigmund Freud. (shrink)

Explorando a relação entre a memória e o cinema, principalmente, em Anti-Rétro, uma entrevista que Michel Foucault concedeu, em 1974, à revista Cahiers du Cinéma, esta obra vai tratar sobre a importância da memória no pensamento desse filósofo contemporâneo que morreu em 1984, apresentando ainda uma análise sobre o corpo em filmes de horror, em produções francesas. A Biopolítica também faz parte das discussões apresentadas neste trabalho. Boa parte da obra resulta da pesquisa de doutorado que o autor empreendeu na (...) Universidade Estadual do Sudoesta da Bahia e na França, onde realizou estágio doutoral em 2014, com bolsa da CAPES no Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche no Exterior. A obra de Foucault influenciou diretamente cada escrito que compõe esta coletânea. Ela é um convite para pensar com Foucault. Em outras palavras, o autor nos convida a entrar na ordem do pensamento de Michel Foucault por meio da memória e dos corpos em filmes franceses de horror, tratando-os sob o prisma da arqueogenealogia. (shrink)

O artigo aborda a relação entre crianças de terreiro e os seus etnosaberes produzidos no universo dos cosmosentidos do candomblé. Enquanto religião de matriz africana onde a biointeração é um dos princípios basilares, o candomblé e seu universo apresentam uma extensa gama de saberes tradicionais que são construídos e vividos no cotidiano. Compreender como as crianças de terreiro produzem seus conhecimentos traz consigo o intento de pensar a infância e seu poder criativo através de uma afroperspectiva onde a multidimensionalidade, multirreferencialidade (...) e a polissemia do saber se mostram a todo momento, nas ideias nascentes vividas, por exemplo, quando as crianças exploram o território do terreiro com a astúcia de quem conhece o que nós, adultas e adultos, não conhecemos. Na produção desenhística das crianças e nas suas narrativas é possível aprender sobre etnosaberes, cultura e ancestralidade através de itans, orikis e neolinguagens próprias dos seus universos simbólicos onde imagens e rituais didáticos unem teoria e prática, sensível e racional. Ademais, as crianças apresentam um caleidoscópio inventivo de saberes como guias para outros caminhos e possibilidades educacionais a luz das relações étnicas. (shrink)

Resenha de Leão, D.; Guerrier, O. (eds.). Figures de sages, figures de philosophes dans l'oeuvre de Plutarque (2019).

Samenvatting van de grote wijsgerige systemen van Plato tot en met Hegel, gevolgd door een kritische analyse van de metafysica als uitingsvorm van westers intellectualisme.

Carta escrita por Gilda de Mello e Souza, remetida ao colega Oswaldo Porchat, que se encontrava em Berkeley, quando a ditadura civil-militar brasileira, recrudescida desde a implantação, em agosto de 1968, do AI-5, representava uma verdadeira ameaça a estudantes e docentes da Universidade de São Paulo, especialmente se lhe fizessem qualquer tipo de oposição. Porchat trocou uma sequência de cartas com Gilda nessa época, nas quais relata sua desilusão com a Faculdade de Filosofia, e com os acontecimentos políticos no Brasil. (...) Ao mesmo tempo, confessa estar encantado com a descoberta de novos elementos da Lógica, e com a atmosfera mais amena dos Estados Unidos. Porchat sabe que Gilda enfrenta momentos difíceis, tendo de assumir a Presidência do curso em meio à tentativa do reitor Miguel Reale de submetê-lo a um interventor. Enfrentando a dúvida sobre se valeria a pena retornar ao Brasil naquele momento, Porchat escreve à amiga. A carta a seguir expressa, dentro do que era possível na época, quando as correspondências eram vigiadas, o parecer de Gilda sobre as indagações do amigo, sobre os rumos da ditadura, e sobre o que ela pensava de sua própria atitude de resistência naquele contexto. A carta original, assim como a sequência de correspondências da qual faz parte, está depositada no Fundo Gilda de Mello e Souza, no Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros (IEB/USP). Agradeço à família de Gilda, especialmente a Ana Luisa Escorel e a Laura Escorel, pela disponibilização desse documento para a presente publicação. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Boundaries: Writing and DrawingTom ConleyBoundaries: Writing and Drawing, edited by Martine Reid; Yale French Studies, iv & 268 pp. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994, $15.95 paper.The fifteen articles of this issue of Yale French Studies discern the limits of meaning and legibility wherever writing and drawing become coextensive. In pondering the origins of writing Henry-Jean Martin (in Le pouvoir et l’histoire de l’écrit) has recently asked if (...) script and print have evolved from pictographic or hieroglyphic writing. If so, he implies, to what degree does visual force animate all writing? How does meaning, otherwise conveyed through writing, get complicated or subverted by the shape or motion of its form? When does the writer engage the illegible to call into question communication in general? Citing Michel Foucault, for whom calligraphy and drawing offer a glimpse of an “immense and unavowable teratology” (p. 12), the editor argues that the visible matter of discourse becomes its repressed or irrecuperable—hence supremely literary—worth.She organizes the contributions under three rubrics. Part one studies the history of the relation of writing to drawing through emphasis on psychogenesis. For Serge Tisseron an “inscriptive gesture” (p. 29), a memory of a manual pleasure, is relayed through the artist’s or writer’s labors. The written trace recalls originary separation, the page becoming a “metaphoric container of one’s own body and the mother’s body” (p. 41). Georges Roque shows how postcartesian ideology associates line with philosophy and relegates color to a lower order of sensation. In a Derridean turn he notes, “color is to drawing as [End Page 410] writing is to speech” (p. 57). Jean-Gérard Lapacherie argues that we are taught to exclude reading from the act of looking at a text, and that contemporary literature forcibly erodes that division.Part two is devoted to close analysis of writers who draw. Jacques Leenhardt brilliantly analyzes visual and aural displacements, even condensations, what he calls “monograms of sensation,” in the sketches and notes in Stendhal’s Journal de Paris. Alain Buisine traces the appeal that drawings of Rimbaud’s face had for the poet’s milieu. Claude Gandelman studies Proust’s manuscript drawings in light of the broader process of dreamwork in A la recherche du temps perdu. Looking at the Cahiers, 1894–1914, Serge Bourjea contends that for Paul Valéry the labors of intellection and writing are a “matter of sketching” (p. 137), or of perpetually “rough” drafting. Jacques Derrida’s “Maddening the Subjectile,” Mary Ann Caws’s limpid translation of an essay on Artaud’s textual drawings (“Forcener le subjectile”), defines a pictogram as what moves ceaselessly and inseparably between painting, drawing, and verbal expression.Part three moves toward artists who write. Bernard Vouilloux rehearses Derrida’s arguments about the “supplement” and the pictogram to themes of painting and painters in Rousseau’s early and later works. Michel Thévoz gives a dazzling reading of Jean Dubuffet’s art brut dans l’écriture, the explosive sketching of discourse that fractures the icons of elegance and control that project the myth of clear and classical French. Jan Baetens calls “latent violence” the marvelous areas where image, geometrical form, typography, and enunciation abut each other in M. C. Escher’s drawings, Régis Franc’s comic strips, and Martin Vaughn-James’s La Cage. Renée Riese Hubert sums up the volume with a study of the double binds that Derrida and Adami project in their collaborations of drawing and writing.This issue of Yale French Studies holds to the theme of writing as drawing. Martine Reid’s introduction and her two interviews with Michel Butor and Yves Bonnefoy map out an overall itinerary of vicious circularity. Literature is a continuing regression, fraught with pleasure and risk, that takes place when language, writing, and drawing are conflated. All of the essays are of high quality. Tisseron, Leenhardt, Derrida, and Thévoz set a standard to which the others conform. All adepts of art and literature will welcome this fabulous volume.Tom ConleyHarvard UniversityCopyright © 1995 The Johns Hopkins University Press... (shrink)

Ethics, Policy & Environment, Volume 14, Issue 3, Page 285-290, October 2011.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir, com fundamentação teórica na Psicologia Analítica de C. G. Jung, as concepções de médicos e psicólogos sobre o processo saúde-doença e a formação do profissional para atuar em contexto hospitalar. A partir de uma pesquisa em campo qualitativa-descritiva, est..

Ensayo -- Palabras finales -- Selección de textos.

Este artigo questiona a dimensão crítica da democracia analisada por Sheldon S. Wolin. A partir da década de 1980, o impulso de Wolin de diagnosticar as falhas da democracia americana ao conectar o liberalismo ao totalitarismo se manifesta de uma nova maneira. Ele observa que, no processo de lutar ostensiva- mente contra o totalitarismo durante a Guerra Fria, o próprio governo americano passou a incorporar uma forma totalizante de poder. Essa crítica culmina em seu diagnóstico de uma crise do século (...) XXI: a condição neoliberal de “totalitarismo invertido”. Aqui Wolin argumenta não apenas que o sistema político americano compartilha algumas características com o totalitarismo, mas também que está começando a constituir uma nova versão do totalitarismo emergindo de dentro, e não em reação ao liberalismo. Palavras-chave: Democracia. Totalitarismo. Liberalismo. (shrink)

Los expedientes de la Capilla Real de Sevilla acaban de ser depositados en el Archivo de la Institución Colombina de la Catedral para su inventario y para que puedan estar al servicio de los investigadores, junto con otros fondos bibliográficos y documentales de la Catedral. Tras una primera aproximación a este rico y desconocido archivo, el trabajo que se presenta en este trabajo es el inventario de una de sus series documentales más más interesantes para la investigación actual, por su (...) contenido genealógico. También tenemos prevista la elaboración y publicación del inventario completo de este archivo. (shrink)

Moral reasoning in bioethics -- Bioethics and moral theories -- Paternalism and patient autonomy -- Truth-telling and confidentiality -- Informed consent -- Human research -- Abortion -- Reproductive technology -- Genetic choices -- Euthanasia and physician assisted suicide -- Dividing up health care resources.